(MENAFN- The Conversation) The Russian government and state companiessigned dozens of memoranda of understanding and agreementsduring the first Russia-Africa Summit in the Black Sea resort city of Sochi last week. Russia also promised further cooperation, building on recent agreements with individual African governments.
With the summit, the host, President Vladimir Putin, reaffirmed his intention torestoreRussia as a major geopolitical player in Africa. Much of its political clout on the continent has waned in the post-Cold War period.
Russia's trade with Africaremains below levels of tradewith Europe, the US and Asia. And Africa has much larger trading relationships with China, the US and India than with Russia. Also, development aid to Africa largely comes from the US, China and Japan. This means that Russia's engagement and presence in Africa is still lagging behind the other major powers in many ways.
One of Putin's goals is clearly to revive his country's great-power status. But how can Africa help him achieve this? First, Africa is an important market forRussian arms exports . It is also where Russia has made key investments in the oil, gas and nuclear power sectors. And Africa is an important source of minerals for Russia.
The summit, the first ever of its kind, is a clear indication that Russia is stepping up its efforts to increase its influence in Africa. The deals signed all underscore how Moscow is using strategic investment in energy and minerals, as well as military muscle and soft power, to gain more traction on the continent.
Arms export and security deals
Russia accounts for 35% of arms exports to Africa, followed by China with 17%, the US with 9.6% and France with 6.9%. Africa is the second largest importer of Russianarms globally . The Asia-Pacific region tops the list with60% . Russia has also signed close to 20 bilateralmilitary cooperation agreementswith African governments in recent years. These range from the supply of military aircraft to missiles to engines. Algeria is thelargest importerof Russian weapons in Africa, followed by Egypt, Angola and Uganda.
Other military agreements with African states pertain to cooperation on countering terrorism, including jointly training troops for peacekeeping on the continent. The countries involved include Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, Niger and Rwanda.
At the summit, African states wholeheartedly embraced Russia's newly established relations. South Africa's minister of public enterprises, Pravin Gordhan, made this clear whenhe said :
This was borne out in some of the deals finalised in Sochi. For example, Nigeria, Africa's largest economy,purchased12 military helicopters. In turn, Russia agreed last week to assist Nigeria in its fight against Boko Haram. The terror group has waged a decade-long insurgency in the northeastern parts of the country.
Minerals
Russia relies on imports from Africa to cover its requirements for minerals such as manganese, bauxite and chromium.
In addition,Great Dyke Investments , a company jointly owned by the Russian and Zimbabwean governments, is developing a $4 billion venture to mine the world's largest deposits of platinum in Zimbabwe. In oil-rich Angola, discussions with Russian companies have focused onhydrocarbon production .
Russia is also interested inNamibia's uranium . In recent years, Rosatom and the Namibian government have been finalising an agreement on cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy. And the Russian state-run oil company Rosneft has benefited from acooperation agreementbetween the Russian and Mozambican governments and to develop offshore gas exploration in Mozambique.
Precious gems, especially diamonds and gold, are also on Russia's list of priorities in Africa. Moscow has thus deepened relations with Angola, whereAlrosa , the Russian diamond mining giant, mines diamonds.
In some instances military and mineral interests are intertwined. For example, in the Central Africa Republic (CAR) a Russian military and security company known in the Russian media as theWagner Groupis strongly linked to diamond exploration in the country.
Discussions have been held between the CAR and Russia to explore the country's natural resources, especially diamonds and gold, on a concession basis. And Russia has successfully managed to offer weapons and instructors to train CAR military forces in exchange for access to markets andmining rights .
Energy
Russian companies are very active in the energy sector too, making significant investments in Algeria, Egypt, Uganda and Angola.
Several Russian companies, includingGazprom , the global gas company;Lukoil , the oil multinational;Rostec , the advanced technology company; andRosatom , the clean energy company; have done numerous deals amounting tobillions of US dollars .
These companies are eitherstate-owned or state-controlled . They are beneficiaries of state contracts from the Kremlin and qualify for preferential loans from state-owned banks. Because of the close relationship between the state and these companies, investments are mostly or often linked to diplomatic considerations.
Moscow's nuclear deals fall firmly into this category. For example, Russia is negotiating with Egypt on itsfirst nuclear plant . In Nigeria, Africa's largest economy, a major deal has been concluded with Russia on the construction oftwo nuclear power plants , with a view to ending the country's ongoing energy crisis.
Russia promised aid to combat the Ebola virus and to accommodate more Africans at Russian universities. The details of many agreements are not clear, but Moscow claims that it racked up$12.5 billion in dealsduring the two-day summit. Critics argue that it remains to be seen whether these deals will materialise as real investments in Africa.
Geopolitics
Moscow's diplomatic efforts to strengthen its political relations with African states, and its related geopolitical ambitions, have notescaped Western observers . They come at a time when US influence in Africa – and elsewhere – ison the decline .
Russia seems keen to fill the gap. Besides solidifying Russia's trade relationship with Africa at the summit, Putin also clearly tried to confirm Russia's status as a more dependable partner for the continent, with less baggage than either the US or other Western powers. He probably succeeded in convincing many African leaders that Moscow can deliver – with no strings attached – on the Russian sweet spots of technology, energy and military support, where African countries experience particular needs.
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Minerals
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Russia
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Nigeria
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Nuclear power
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Cold War
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Arms trade
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Vladimir Putin
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US foreign relations
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Soft power
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Boko Haram
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Angola
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Peacekeeping
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China-Africa
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Peace and Security
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Africa geopolitics
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Global perspectives
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Africa's economy
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