Will Papua New Guinea Bite On China's Security Deal Offer?

PNG signed three security agreements in 2023. On the defense side, PNG signed a status of forces agreement with the United Kingdom in April and the defense cooperation agreement with the US in May, as well as a whopping A$200 million (US$132 million)“framework for closer security relations” with Australia on the policing side in December.

With Australia, the security agreement was considered historic – the largest security agreement PNG has ever signed with its closest neighbor since independence in 1975. In 2022, PNG also signed the SOFA with France, the first country in the Pacific to do so with French armed forces in New Caledonia.

PNG has also extended its security ties to a few non-Western countries. In 2010, PNG signed a defense cooperation agreement with Indonesia , the only Asian country with which PNG shares a land border, and the agreement was finally ratified by PNG in late February this year.

In 2013, PNG signed a special agreement with Israel for PNG Defense Forces and police personnel to be trained by the Israeli military. A defense cooperation agreement with Israel may still be under negotiation.

Some may consider a bilateral security offer from China reasonable because, in 2013, the National Executive Council (PNG's cabinet) under the government of then-prime minister Peter O'Neill approved a K170 million (US$45 million) defense budget , the largest ever approved since independence, meant to upgrade the PNG Defense Force's (PNGDF) fleet.

Former Defense Minister Fabian Pok was tasked by the NEC to travel to China to secure the approved funds through a loan. It's unclear whether the loan was secured or not.

Also in 2017, China supported the PNGDF with a total of $3 million (US$2 million) in military equipment as part of preparing PNG to host the 2018 Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation summit, although PNG also received such support from other bilateral partners.

PNG has had good diplomatic relations with China for almost 50 years. Also, China is an important economic partner. In 2018, PNG was the first country in the Pacific region to
sign up
for China's Belt and Road Initiative.

Although the US and its ally Australia have the same diplomatic relationships (almost 50 years) with PNG, they have deeper roots with the island country, including in the Pacific during and after World War II, and consider the region their sphere of influence.

With China a key rising regional player, its involvement in PNG, and in the Pacific more broadly, has been seen by the US and Australia as a threat to the international rules-based order, especially in the security space. The Solomon Islands' security deal with China in 2022 has
become a concern
to the US and Australia.

While the US and China have their own interests in PNG and the Pacific, their influence is not seen by PNG and its Pacific neighbors as a geopolitical game. That's something the US and its allies need to understand.

Still, great power competition remains a concern for Pacific countries . Dame Meg Taylor, the former secretary-general of the Pacific Islands Forum, emphasizes the“friends to all and enemies to none” foreign policy common to the Pacific Islands. At the 2024 PNG Business Council Outlook meeting she cautioned business community leaders, including politicians, to be careful when dealing with the political expansion of the West and East:

In early February this year, as the first-ever political leader in PNG and the Pacific to address the National Parliament of Australia, the premier, Marape, after thanking Prime Minister Anthony Albanese's government for the recently signed security deal, twice
stated :“A strong, economically empowered Papua New Guinea means a stronger and more secure Australia in the Pacific.”

The US and its ally Australia have played a significant role in shaping the PNG's security environment in recent decades. While PNG respects the notion of the US and Australia as PNG's“traditional security partners,” the country also has every sovereign right to establish new security arrangements with bilateral partners, including China.

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Internal policing is still a major issue in PNG, leading to a recent law and order breakdown. It has also become a major impediment to PNG's economic progress. And since 2019, after the election of Marape as the prime minister through a vote of no confidence, law and order have been prioritized as the key focus area in the national budget.

A move by PNG to make new security arrangements with bilateral partners like China is not a shift from its traditional bilateral security arrangements with US and Australia, but rather an extension of the PNG's bilateral security arrangement, as PNG needs support from its other bilateral partners to address its ongoing internal security issues at the domestic level, including other external security threats.

The traditional security arrangements that PNG has with the US and Australia remain intact despite the geopolitics in the security space. However, for PNG to increase its law enforcement efforts, support is required to improve its internal policing and capacity, and that is the area where traditional security partners should step up.

Moses Sakai (... ) is a research fellow at the Papua New Guinea National Research Institute and a young leader of the Pacific Forum. He previously taught at the University of Papua New Guinea from 2018-2023. Republished with kind permission.

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