(MENAFN- The Conversation) Liz Truss, the new UK prime minister, isn't a fan of solar farms. In 2014, when she was environment secretary, she described rows of panels arranged in a field to capture energy from the sun as a“”. Eight years later, as a candidate for the 2022 Conservative Party leadership election, she said they were a threat to UK food supplies. Now her government seems intent on by redefining some of the most promising sites for building them as prime farmland.
Tackling the climate emergency demands urgent decarbonisation of electricity systems. And amid the ongoing war in Ukraine and volatile gas prices, there is further need for homegrown renewable energy. To meet its target of a clean electricity grid by , the government expects to boost the deployment of solar power . This would only increase the land allocated to solar farms to , roughly 0.5% of that used for agriculture.
Overhauling energy supply is certain to create conflict. But there is an opportunity to design energy plants that have multiple benefits. For instance, solar farms last for 25 to 40 years. These sites, where human disturbance is minimal, could offer shelter to embattled wildlife and soil.
Though research is still in its infancy, the evidence so far suggests solar farms can address more than one of the crises bearing down on the world.
Biodiversity on solar farms
Britain has lost more of its – the variety of life which exists from bacteria and viruses all the way up to large mammals, birds and fish – than almost anywhere else in western Europe. Massive habitat loss since the industrial revolution has afflicted many well-loved species, with and among those whose populations are shrinking.
Butterflies and bees are thought to be worth around (US$443 million) to the UK economy as pollinators. Changes to how the land is used and the advent of intensive farming have swept away insect-rich wildflower meadows, which are at around . A full or partial switch from agricultural land to in some places would allow the land to recover from intensive farming.
The disturbance caused by ploughing and sowing can prevent wildlife from gaining a foothold in farmland. In 2017, government adviser published a review of scientific evidence on the effect of solar farms on birds, bats and ecosystems, stating that not enough research had been done to definitively say whether solar farms benefit wildlife. This was especially true for birds and bats. But several studies have indicated that solar farms can increase the diversity of plant species growing at a site, and so offer a refuge for pollinating insects.
A 2016 paper found that solar farms tended to have more species of plant, insect and birds than . Earlier research from 2013 seemed to support this finding: when compared to the surrounding farmland, which the solar farm used to be a part of, greater numbers of butterflies and bees were found .
More recently, a series of reports illustrated the benefits of solar farms for , and . Where solar farms are managed in a way that allows flowers to grow from spring to early autumn, these insects have more places to forage and breed. It stands to reason that bigger insect populations would benefit species that feed on them, such as small mammals, bats and birds. Solar panels can provide some birds with a place to nest and perch too. Small mammals, such as field voles can gain hiding places from birds of prey.
Not a bad place to sit. Solar panels also create their own by casting shade and changing the pattern of rainfall landing on the ground. Evidence from the UK indicates lower ground temperatures, light and moisture are found beneath panels compared with adjacent farm fields. While this could disadvantage some grassland species which prefer more direct sunlight, it presents an opportunity for their shade-tolerant counterparts.
The patterns of shading created by the panels offer a range of habitats for plants, with those in the shade often flowering later. Pollinators generally need flowers from April through to October, so a range of helps to extend the time they can spend foraging. The potential to grow crops in the microclimates under panels, a system called agrivoltaics, is also being .
Biodiversity below ground and the soil may also benefit from solar farm installations. The switch from intensive agriculture to permanent grassland means less fertiliser, insecticide and herbicide, and less disturbance from ploughing. This could allow the health of the soil to improve, although more research is needed to confirm and quantify this effect.
An ongoing experiment
At Keele University, we recently installed a low-carbon energy generation park which consists of 12,500 solar panels, two wind turbines and a large battery for storing excess electricity, all connected to the campus via a smart that can control energy demand in different buildings, allowing the university to maximise the use of its own renewable energy and reduce the use of grid electricity when it has higher carbon emissions. During the site's first year of operation, we began a study which will span several years researching the effect of the solar array on biodiversity and soil health.
Plants, pollinators, amphibians, badgers, birds, bats and small mammals are all being monitored, alongside various soil characteristics. While the construction will have disturbed the soil and wildlife, our monitoring shows that the area is recovering quickly. Large areas of the site have naturally established a grassland habitat, increasing the diversity of plant species compared with before when the site was a ploughed field. Foxes and predatory birds plus a wide variety of insects are among the visitors so far.
Clearly, there are multiple potential benefits from solar farms, a fact recognised by . The climate crises and the ecological crises are inextricably linked and must be tackled together. Well-considered, designed and managed solar farms could offer this .