What's Ukraine's Endgame In Kursk?

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The White House, in particular, has dithered about allowing Ukraine to use long-range American weapons to strike Russian territory, worrying that doing so is a dangerous escalation that also plays into Russian narratives about NATO being a de facto combatant in the war.

By striking into Russian territory, Kyiv is sending a powerful reminder to Washington – deeply distracted by its upcoming presidential election – that its forces can achieve surprising results with the right capabilities.

Will the Kremlin escalate?

Moscow's response to the incursion, so far, lends weight to the Ukrainian argument that American escalation fears are overblown.

Regime cronies like former Russian President Dmitry Medvedev have made vague threats about vigorous punishments, and Kremlin-friendly propagandists on social media have alleged NATO troops are operating alongside Ukrainian soldiers.

But that's nothing new: Russian officials and commentators have falsely claimed for years that NATO is fighting with Ukrainian forces and that Ukraine faces annihilation if it does not submit.

Viewed in that light, Kiev's move into Russia is a calculated gamble. Ukraine assesses the international, morale and material gains to sufficiently outweigh any anticipated reprisals.

Of course, that's based on the assumption that any reprisals will be on a similar scale to those previously meted out to Ukraine. The Putin regime has routinely demonstrated it regards the laws and norms of war as inconvenient distractions, preferring instead to use fear and wanton destruction to cow its adversaries into capitulation.

But that's also nothing Ukrainians haven't seen before – in the slaughter of civilians at Bucha, the flattening of cities like Mariupol , the indiscriminate attacks against civilian hospitals and the veiled Russian threats about“accidents” at the occupied nuclear power plant in Zaporizhzhia.

Russia's rudderless response

Tellingly, Ukraine's incursion has again revealed the manifest failings of Russia's armed forces. In particular, it highlights the hubris afflicting its leaders, who mistakenly believed Kiev could fall in a mere three days. That's now more than 900 days ago.

Many have justifiably lauded Ukraine's preparations for its incursion as a masterpiece of operational security. It was certainly no mean feat to garner the resources necessary for a sizeable assault without tipping off either Moscow or Washington, both of which reacted initially with surprise .

A still image taken from a video provided by the Russian Defence Ministry showing Russian military armored vehicles being deployed to the Kursk region. Photo: Russian Defense Ministry Press Service handout / EPA via The Conversation

However, there have been several reports that Russia's military leadership dismissed warnings about Ukrainian troops concentrating near the border.

Since the operation began, there have been conflicting reports about who is in charge of Russia's military response. Notionally, Valery Gerasimov – Russia's beleaguered chief of the general staff – should be in command.

Yet, Putin called the response to Ukraine's attack a“counter-terrorism operation”, which seemed to put it within the purview of Alexander Bortnikov, the head of Russia's Federal Security Service (FSB). Still others claim Aleksey Dyumin, a Putin favorite sometimes touted as his eventual successor, has been given the responsibility.

The confusion over command has also revealed how weak the forces remaining inside Russia are. A cobbled-together combination of conscripts, Russian naval infantry, FSB troops and Rosgvardia (Putin's personal national guard) has been unable to dislodge the highly mobile Ukrainian forces.

After securing the town of Sudzha, the Ukrainian troops have also been able to bring in supplies and reinforcements, further complicating the job of repelling them. With the majority of Russia's regular army tied up in Ukraine, there has even been speculation Moscow will need to relocate troops from its Kaliningrad enclave in northern Europe to help.

Putting the pressure back on Moscow

Politically, Ukraine's move is deeply embarrassing for Putin, who has already proven himself slow to react when facing similar challenges. Just over a year ago, Moscow's dithering allowed Yevgeny Prigozhin's rebel Wagner Group convoy to get within 200 kilometers of Moscow before an amnesty deal was brokered.