The Price Of Africa's Digital Dependence On China

The global market for information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure is controlled by a handful of producers. For instance, the main suppliers of fiber-optic cables, a network component that enables high-speed internet, are China-based Huawei and ZTE and the Swedish company Ericsson.

Many African countries, with limited internal revenues, can't afford these network components. Infrastructure investments depend on foreign finance, including concessional loans, commercial credits, or public-private partnerships. These may also influence a state's choice of infrastructure provider .

The African continent's terrain adds to the technological and financial difficulties. Vast lands and challenging topographies make the roll-out of infrastructure very expensive. Private investors avoid sparsely populated areas because it doesn't pay them to deliver a service there.

Landlocked states depend on the infrastructure and goodwill of coastal countries to connect to international fiber-optic landing stations.

It is sometimes assumed that African leaders choose Chinese providers because they offer the cheapest technology. Anecdotal evidence suggests otherwise . Chinese contractors are attractive partners because they can offer full-package solutions that include finance.

Under the so-called “EPC+F” (Engineer, Procure, Construct + Fund/Finance) scheme, Chinese companies like Huawei and ZTE oversee the engineering, procurement and construction while Chinese banks provide state-backed finance. Angola, Uganda and Zambia are just some of the countries which seem to have benefited from this type of deal.

All-round solutions like this appeal to African countries.

As part of its “go-global” strategy, the Chinese government encourages Chinese companies to invest and operate overseas. The government offers financial backing and expects companies to raise the global competitiveness of Chinese products and the national economy.

In the long term, Beijing seeks to establish and promote Chinese digital standards and norms. Research partnerships and training opportunities expose a growing number of students to Chinese technology.

The Chinese government's expectation is that mobile applications and startups in Africa will increasingly reflect Beijing's technological and ideological principles. That includes China's interpretation of human rights, data privacy and freedom of speech.

This aligns with the vision of China's“Digital Silk Road”, which complements its Belt and Road Initiative , creating new trade routes.

In the digital realm, the goal is technological primacy and greater autonomy from Western suppliers. The government is striving for a more Sino-centric global digital order . Infrastructure investments and training partnerships in African countries offer a starting point.

From a technological perspective, over-reliance on a single infrastructure supplier makes the client state more vulnerable. When a customer depends heavily on a particular supplier, it's difficult and costly to switch to a different provider. African countries could become locked into the Chinese digital ecosystem.

Researchers like Arthur Gwagwa from the Ethics Institute at Utrecht University (Netherlands) believe that China's export of critical infrastructure components will enable military and industrial espionage . These claims assert that Chinese-made equipment is designed in a way that could facilitate cyber attacks.

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Human Rights Watch, an international NGO that conducts research and advocacy on human rights, has raised concerns that Chinese infrastructure increases the risk of technology-enabled authoritarianism. In particular, Huawei has been accused of colluding with governments to spy on political opponents in Uganda and Zambia. Huawei has denied the allegations.

The way forward

Chinese involvement provides a rapid path to digital progress for African nations. It also exposes African states to the risk of long-term dependence. The remedy is to diversify infrastructure supply, training opportunities and partnerships.

There is also a need to call for interoperability in international forums such as the International Telecommunications Union , a UN agency responsible for issues related to information and communication technologies.

Interoperability allows a product or system to interact with other products and systems. It means clients can buy technological components from different providers and switch to other technological solutions. It favors market competition and higher-quality solutions by preventing users from being locked into one vendor.

Finally, in the long term African countries should produce their own infrastructure and become less dependent.

Stephanie Arnold is PhD Candidate, Università di Bologna

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article .

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