(MENAFN- The Conversation) The Supreme Court is about to hear arguments about the constitutionality of a 1978 law enacted to in the U.S. and strengthen their families.
That law, the , was originally passed by congress in response to requests from tribal leaders and other advocates for Native Americans to stop states from removing Indian children from their families.
Now, in the case before the Supreme Court, non-Indians seeking to adopt or foster Indian children have challenged provisions of the law. The non-Indians say the law illegally discriminates against the Indian children based on their race and tells state officials what to do. As a and the mother to two Indian children, I know that Indian status is .
The case threatens to reverse the experienced by Native children when raised in their tribal cultures. It Congress' ability to enact laws affecting tribal governments and their citizens.
A Native American child welfare crisis
In the 1970s, Native American tribes sought help from Congress because many state governments were removing American Indian children from their families and communities and placing them in homes with white families. State social welfare agencies often permanently removed children from Native families because they did not understand Native cultural and child-rearing practices. At times, social workers even to remove the children from their families.
This happened to of all Native American children, and removed were sent to be raised by non-Indian families.
In Minnesota, for instance, the state took Indian children from their families to be placed into foster care or for permanent adoption at they did non-Indian children. In , Indian children were 13 times as likely to be placed in foster care than non-Indian children. And in Washington state, the adoption rate was 19 times as high and the foster care placement rate 10 times as high for Indian children than non-Indians.
As a result of these policies and practices, many Indian adults and children because of the loss of connections with their families and their cultures. This forced separation led many of them to throughout their lives.
Some Indian children spent years trying to and reconnect with their tribal communities. to see their families or communities again.
It was this situation that the Indian Child Welfare Act aimed to address.
A member of the Mashpee Wampanoag tribe places regalia onto his son before a powwow. The law, explained
The law first sets out the Native American nations have with the United States. Each is a sovereign nation dealing with the other's government. As explained in the law, the United States government has a trust relationship, or obligation to protection Native lands, sovereignty, and peoples, based on treaties, statutes and court decisions.
In setting out a goal of reducing the number of children removed from their Native families and communities, the law“ to protect the best interests of Indian children and to promote the stability and security of Indian tribes and families,” and goes on to say that“there is no resource that is more vital to the continued existence and integrity of Indian tribes than their children.”
The law , preadoptive placements, termination of parental rights and adoptive placements, but not custody disputes between parents. It defines Indian children as citizens of or children eligible for enrollment as citizens in a tribal nation.
When an Indian child lives on a reservation, the law declares that the child's placement, including whether they are removed from their family in the first place. The tribal court can place the child with a non-Native relative or a non-Native family.
When an Indian child does not live on a reservation, can decide the placement of the child. If the parent or tribe requests, the state courts must transfer child welfare cases to a tribal court, with a few limited exceptions.
The law sets uniform standards for courts to follow when they decide Indian child welfare cases. These standards include provisions that ensure that tribal governments are aware of and can have a say in the placement of Indian children. They aim to reduce the trauma of family and tribal separation by instructing courts to make active efforts . These standards include recommending courts place children with their relatives – either Indian or non-Indian – someone in their tribe, or an Indian family if possible.
The preferences for family preservation and reunification pioneered in this law represent the gold standard for child welfare, according to experts in social work, psychology and family law. that family reunification promotes the best outcomes for all children and that maintaining family and community connections best serve a child's needs. Studies show that have higher rates of self-esteem and are less likely to suffer from depression or substance abuse or commit suicide.
Not following the law
In the 40-plus years since its enactment, however, states have regularly failed to follow the law.
For example, in 2015, a the state of South Dakota to comply with the law after the state failed to provide parents with adequate notice and custody hearings.
Many state social workers and family court judges in and knowledge about the law. Some do not understand the harm Indian children experience when they are not raised in their culture. Others believe that the economic benefits that non-Indian parents can provide are in the best interests of the child and overlook the benefits Indian children gain from being raised within their cultures and communities.
The U.S. government does not keep records on or monitor its compliance. The available data from , which which advocates for the“well-being of children, families and the communities where they live,” shows states vary in their efforts to follow the law. A few have adopted state laws to require compliance, but others have yet to fully embrace the law. Uneven implementation of the law has undermined its ability to prevent family separation.
Recent studies show that Indian children remain overrepresented in the foster care system. A 2021 report found that Indian children disproportionately enter the child welfare system and are removed from their homes at of white children. The has similarly reported high rates of Native children in the foster care system.
The poor, often nonexistent, implementation combined with the recent constitutional challenges to the law suggests a lack of public awareness about the law and the harms that it was intended to remedy. That lack of understanding has allowed non-Natives to attack the law as unconstitutional. Now the Supreme Court has agreed to hear their claims and will decide whether Indian children will continue to gain the benefits of growing up knowing their Native cultures and communities.