The Back Room: Value Vs. Values

This week in the Back Room : a retroactive wrinkle in a major market controversy, Dakis Joannou does not need a bigger boat, and China goes bonkers for Botticelli -all in a 7-minute read (2,011 words).

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Lisa Schiff, Candace Barasch, Sascha Bauer, Carol Bove, Gordon Terry

Photo: Will Ragozzino/BFA

Tim here. I've been in a lot of odd situations in my nearly 18 years in the art business. As of a few weeks ago, the list includes moderating a panel discussion that was interrupted by an audience member questioning the integrity and values of the panelists... three weeks before that same audience member was sued for allegedly running a ponzi scheme .

You may have guessed by now that the audience member in question is Lisa Schiff , the once-respected art advisor now facing multiple civil lawsuits seeking millions of dollars in damages for purported fraud, as well as investigations by federal and state authorities (with whom she is reportedly cooperating).

These subsequent ruptures retroactively elevated the episode I'm alluding to from an odd side note to a newsworthy event in itself. And weirdly, what triggered the whole episode was a subject normally considered drier than mummified remains: artwork appraisals.

The incident unfolded at the New York edition of the Art Business Conference on April 26, where I was moderating a panel on art finance. About 30 minutes into the hourlong session, Schiff stood up from her seat in an auditorium full of her peers to interject that there was a larger question about value, procedure, and ethics that needed to be addressed.

Here was her concern, memorialized in the conference's audio recording:

Her line of argument wasn't entirely a surprise. Schiff wrote an op-ed for artnet news in June 2022 that took a similar perspective on appraisals for loan purposes. But in both cases, her portrayal of the issues is fundamentally misguided and misleading if taken at face value.

When the average person thinks of appraisals, they tend to think of appraisals of fair market value (FMV) . The Internal Revenue Service defined FMV as follows in its january 2023 guidance on determining the value of donated property :

“The FMV is the price that property would sell for on the open market,” meaning“the price that would be agreed on between a willing buyer and a willing seller, with neither being required to act, and both having reasonable knowledge of the relevant facts.”

In other words, an appraisal of fair market value is an estimate of the price at which two well informed parties could strike a deal without extenuating pressures like, say, the need to liquidate assets to pay creditors ASAP.

However, the setup of Schiff's conference question (“I had an auction house appraise a client's collection for a bank loan...”) made it clear that she was targeting a different type of appraisal: what's known as an appraisal of marketable cash value (MCV) .

The big difference between FMV and MCV is that the latter deducts all the costs required to sell an artwork by reputable means. Those costs would include everything from necessary incidentals like packing and shipping to seller's fees and/or commissions-a combination that could easily eat up 10 to 20 percent of the sale price.

Art-finance providers (including Sotheby's and Christie's ) fixate on appraisals of MCV for one reason: to understand how much money they're likely to end up with if a collector defaults on their loan, likely forcing the lender to try to recoup its cash by selling the artwork put up as collateral.

Aside from art-secured lending, MCV also plays a big role in estate planning and so-called“equitable distribution” scenarios, most often meaning divorce settlements. But outside of these contexts, relatively few collectors or art pros know the jargon or its purpose.

No. Despite an implication in Schiff's op-ed that FMV acts as some kind of evergreen counterweight to MCV, all good appraisals respond to current market conditions. And while the purchase price is a consideration, it matters much less than what rigorous market comps say about an artwork's value today.

Linda Selvin , the executive director of the Appraisers Association of America , gave me this overarching guideline for appraisals in a phone interview:“You don't necessarily want to predict for the future because you have to talk about the present.”

And yes,“the present” is largely based on auction results, because they're the best evidence of the price that willing, unconstrained buyers will pay for a particular work by a particular artist in a market as close as possible to the one surrounding the appraisal being made.

Still, a steep decline in any appraised value (like, say, the 50 percent drop in MCV that Schiff referenced at the conference) isn't necessarily an indication of villainy or ignorance. The most innocent version is just a consequence of changing taste. What looks like a fair price for a hot artist today might look like a de facto bonfire of your money a few years later.

The sinister version would arise if an intermediary were to, say, purchase artwork from a gallery on behalf of a client for one price but then lard on an unusually hefty fee before invoicing their client for the same work. In such a hypothetical case, even if an artist were to have maintained a reasonably stable market throughout, any type of exacting appraisal would be substantially lower than the owner's acquisition price.

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Compared to fair market value, marketable cash value will always incite more angst among the uninitiated because it is by definition the more conservative appraisal type. (Remember, MCV is not what the buyer would pay; it's what the seller would be left with after covering all those expenses, commission, and other fees.)

Purely for conversation's sake, then, it's not hard to see why an intermediary who either didn't fully understand the nuances of appraisals, didn't like the results relative to the prices they'd been charging, or both, could fixate on MCV as some fresh hellspawn of art-market financialization.

In reality, though, MCV is just a sober, educated, risk-conscious reading of today's market for a short list of pragmatic purposes. Anyone who wants to last at the upper levels of the 21st century art market would be wise to choose their perspective on the issue with care.

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This week's Wet Paint is still being mixed, so here's what else made a mark around the industry since last Friday morning...

Art Fairs

• We rounded up a list of power players responsible for bringing the inaugural Tokyo Gendai art fair to fruition. (artnet news )
• Our on-the-ground coverage from the first day revealed strong sales, but the fair-and Japan's contemporary art market-have a long runway ahead of them. (artnet news )

Auction Houses

• The hammer total of Phillips's 20th Century to Now evening sale in London came to £7.1 million ( $9 million ) against a low estimate of £8.6 million ( $10.9 million ), ending the city's June auction week on a disappointing note apparent in our full recap and separate By the Numbers data breakdown. (artnet news , artnet news pro )
• A restitution conference sponsored by Christie's was canceled by the host venue, the Tel Aviv Museum of Art , in response to the house's sale of jewelry from the Heidi Horten collection, which drew outcry after Artnet News revealed that Horten's wealth was rooted in Nazi profiteering by her first husband. ( )
• Lempertz in Cologne is still planning to sell a self-portrait by Max Pechstein that had to be withdrawn from an earlier auction after evidence emerged that its Jewish former owner sold it under Nazi duress. The house made a second settlement with the heirs in order to have the work removed from a German database of Nazi-looted art.

Galleries

• Maureen Paley now reps Turner Prize nominee and cross-disciplinary artist Rory Pilgrim (who is also on the roster of Amsterdam 's Andriesse-Eyck gallery). ( )
• Antwerp -based Tim Van Laere Gallery will launch a second space in Rome this fall; Fabrizio Moretti 's Moretti Fine Art will open a new gallery in Paris this September. ()
• Antwerp 's Zeno X gallery, opened in 1981, will close permanently at the end of this year. The founders cited health issues that“have caused the stress and pressure to become too much.” ()

Institutions

• Sexual misconduct allegations led David Adjaye to step back from multiple institutional projects internationally, while at least two U.S. institutional clients pledged to reassess their involvement with his firm. Adjaye denies the allegations. ( )
• Ralph Gleis , the director of Berlin' s Alte Nationalgalerie , was named general director of Vienna 's Albertina ; the New Orleans Museum is under fire for hiring Amanda M. Maples (who is white) as its new curator of African art; and Nancy Yao, who was appointed the founding director of the Smithsonian Institution's American Women's History Museum last March, stepped down citing family responsibilities. ( , )
• Ongoing renovations begun in 2013 will force the Pergamon Museum in Berlin to close its doors to the public this October for at least three and a half years. The building's south wing will be shuttered until 2037. ( )

Tech and Legal News

• Three of the nine defendants charged in connection with a burglary ring that targeted Pennsylvania art museums pleaded guilty to federal charges including theft, concealment, disposal, and interstate transportation of stolen property. ( )
• A unanimous vote by the French National Assembly established a one-size-fits-all law for the restitution of Nazi-looted objects to Jewish heirs, ending the previous policy requiring the creation of a new, bespoke law in each case. The legislation applies to objects that were seized between January 30, 1933, and May 8, 1945. ( )

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Data visualization © 2023 Artnet Worldwide Corporation.

The attendance figures are in for“ Botticelli to van Gogh: Masterpieces from the National Gallery , London ” and they've established a new high for a specially ticketed exhibition staged by the British institution. But the most intriguing aspect of the news is that the record-setting show didn't take place on U.K. soil at all.

Instead, it was hosted by the Shanghai Museum , which borrowed 52 works from the National Gallery's permanent collection to assemble a primer on Western painting. The crowds formed early and often to see the results day after day-and paid for the privilege at an impressive scale.

• “Botticelli to van Gogh” brought in more than 4,300 average daily visitors throughout its 15-week run, good for total attendance north of 420,000 .
• Those figures bested the 3,680 average daily visitors and 323,827 total attendees who bought a ticket for the previous record-holder,“ Leonardo da Vinci: Painter at the Court of Milan ,” presented at the National Gallery's London home in 2011–12.
• The 100 yuan (about $14 ) admission price means that“Botticelli to van Gogh” generated more than 42,000,000 yuan ($5.9 million) in gross ticket sales in Shanghai.

The exhibition is now on view at the National Museum of Korea in Seoul (through October 9), and it will travel to the Hong Kong Palace Museum from November 2023 to early March 2024. Expect the show's blockbuster appeal to travel right along with it on both stops.

[read more ]

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