India's workforce is entering a critical phase as artificial intelligence reshapes job markets and industry demands, with upskilling emerging as a non-negotiable necessity for both individuals and organisations. According to a recent assessment of the Asia-Pacific region, India needs to scale up its skilling efforts rapidly to avoid falling behind in the global AI marathon. A report by Asian Development Bank and Google. org warns that without accessible AI-skilling initiatives, large segments of the workforce risk being left out of the transition.

The country already boasts one of the youngest and fastest-growing workforces in the world, offering a potential advantage in the AI era. Yet the report highlights a mismatch: numerous workers in labour-intensive sectors such as textiles, manufacturing and logistics perform roles with high automation risk - for example data-entry, scheduling and support functions - and these roles are disproportionately held by women and informal workers. With AI-driven automation advancing quickly, these groups could be among the hardest hit unless targeted training interventions are introduced.

Data published by NASSCOM indicates that India's existing AI talent pool, estimated at around 600,000 today, must expand to more than 1.2 million by 2027 to fill expected demand-implying a shortfall of more than a million skilled professionals. This gap emerges despite the country producing hundreds of thousands of engineering graduates each year. Industry trackers indicate that more than half the workforce in technology services is already undergoing training in AI, machine learning and related domains, yet skills still lag employer expectations.

Business research from Microsoft found that across Indian organisations two-thirds of employees and four-fifths of leaders are now familiar with AI agents. Within the next 12-18 months more than half of these companies will place upskilling at the top of their agenda, and more than half expect AI training to become a core team responsibility within five years. These trends confirm that industry demand is ahead of the skill supply curve.

Beyond technical expertise, new job roles are emerging. Organisations are recruiting for“AI Workflow Designers”,“Software Operators” and multi-agent system builders. The most vulnerable workers are those in roles focused on infrastructure management, manual testing, and basic coding - positions that technology is already beginning to automate. This points to an imperative for current employees to acquire cross-functional, human-centric skills such as critical thinking, adaptability and collaboration with AI.

Educational institutions and vocational training providers are responding. For example, an initiative at Andhra University in partnership with NASSCOM integrates advanced skill modules into non-engineering streams and appoints department-wise coordinators to ensure student readiness. The move reflects recognition that skilling must extend beyond traditional tech fields to arts and sciences, and must address digital literacy gaps.

Nonetheless, major structural obstacles remain. A digital divide persists: only about one in five young adults in some South Asian regions has reliable internet access at home, limiting participation in online skilling programmes. Language barriers and low digital literacy further hamper effective engagement. Informal-sector workers, who often lack formal training and social protections, face a double risk of displacement without clear pathways into higher-value work.

The informal economy accounts for a large share of India's employment, and workers in this segment are often overlooked in skill-development policies. Analysts warn that unless training programmes are redesigned for accessibility - offering tailored formats for women re-entering the workforce, rural populations and digitally disadvantaged groups - AI adoption may deepen existing inequalities.

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