Monday 17 February 2025 11:37 GMT

How Do Workers Cope In No-Win Situations? Midwives Found Out The Hard Way During The Pandemic


(MENAFN- The Conversation) During the pandemic, midwives faced what researchers call a“pragmatic paradox” – a situation where contradictory demands are imposed on individuals who can neither refuse nor fulfil the demands.

Midwives needed to care for women and babies despite the risk of infecting them with the virus. Their experiences shed important light on how we can think about no-win situations in the workplace.

In our recently published research , we surveyed 215 New Zealand midwives about their experiences of working through COVID lockdowns and how they coped with what felt at times like a no-win situation.

The absurdity of contradictory demands

Pragmatic paradoxes place workers in absurd, no-win situations. They can occur simply because of leadership issues or glitches in management bureaucracies. They can also happen during unique crises – such as the pandemic.

But many workers are so used to feeling powerless that they may not recognise – much less question – the absurdity of contradictory demands.

This is especially true in situations where workers lack opportunities to discuss or challenge the directives they receive from above.

When the pandemic struck, midwives' professional roles suddenly entailed an inherent contradiction they had no opportunity to question.

They were contractually obligated to protect societal wellbeing by providing ongoing maternity services. Yet due to the fast evolving situation and initial shortages of safety equipment, providing those services entailed risking public wellbeing by exposing themselves and their clients to the virus.

As one of our research participants explained:

As expected, most midwives in our study felt disempowered by the tensions of this situation:

But surprisingly, a small number of midwives were seemingly motivated by it. As one explained,


During the pandemic, midwives faced a pragmatic paradox – they were expected to enter multiple people's homes while also preventing the spread of COVID-19. metamorworks/Shutterstock Recognised and supported?

Why would some midwives feel motivated by their contractual obligations to fulfil contradictory demands?

The crux, we found, was not whether they were aware of the contradiction inherent in their situation, but whether that awareness was accompanied by a sense of professional recognition and support.

If midwives felt like they were recognised and supported in their ongoing efforts – like valuable members in the“team of five million” – they framed and accepted their contradictory situation as part of a societal duty.

Midwives placed particular importance on recognition and support from the government and the public. As one explained,

In contrast, if they felt like health system leaders and the public were oblivious to their situation, they interpreted contradictory work demands as stressful and disempowering.

Another midwife said,

Managing pragmatic paradoxes

There are two ways to look at the implications of our findings. One is to suggest pragmatic paradoxes are not as bad as they initially seem.

Contradictions abound in contemporary society, so it may be inevitable people face conflicting yet unrefusable demands in their jobs. But if leaders and managers can motivate workers to embrace those demands – or at least recognise the difficulty of the tasks – the outcome can be positive.

An alternative reading is workers who feel motivated by pragmatic paradoxes are casualties of something akin to gaslighting . According to this logic, contradictory demands are imposed by those at the top of their respective organisations and societies, so that's where the demands ought to be dealt with.

For example, the government could have minimised the risks midwives faced during the pandemic by better access to protective equipment , thereby resolving their contradictory situation. Suggesting contradictory demands should be passed down to lower-level workers is therefore equivalent to accepting a certain level of oppression.

Whichever interpretation resonates more, our research underscores the importance of communication as a means of ensuring workers are not disempowered by pragmatic paradoxes.

Over the course of the pandemic, healthcare workers worldwide eventually improved their contradictory situation by posting on social media and talking to the press. Political leaders and health management recognised the workforce needed greater support to navigate the contradictory demands of risking wellbeing to protect wellbeing.

The broader lesson is when people face contradictory directives, they should be able to discuss and challenge them.

Research suggests that in interpersonal situations, humour may be an effective means of doing so without directly threatening the power or competence of those in charge.

Of course, this brings us to one final paradox: that encouraging humour and employee voice requires fostering the type of environment where pragmatic paradoxes are unlikely to thrive in the first place.


The Conversation

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