Africa Intelligence Brief - March 17, 2026

(MENAFN- The Rio Times) What Matters Today 1 Ghana assesses three local bids for Gold Fields' Damang mine - up to $1 billion investment needed to revive seized asset; government rejected lease renewal in 2025; local ownership push reshapes West African gold sector Ghana's mining regulator confirmed on Monday that it is evaluating three bids from domestic investors to take over Gold Fields' Damang gold mine, which requires as much as $1 billion (~GHS 15.8 billion) in capital to return to full production. Ghana seized control of the mine in April 2025 after rejecting Johannesburg-based Gold Fields' lease renewal application, breaking with decades of automatic extensions for foreign mining companies. The regulator said the move followed Gold Fields' failure to declare verifiable reserves. Gold Fields was issued a 12-month lease to resume open-pit mining and establish reserves while the transition process proceeds. The company continues to operate the nearby Tarkwa mine. The Damang takeover is the most significant assertion of mining sovereignty in West Africa since Mali introduced its revised Mining Code in 2023. Gold prices near $5,000 per ounce make the asset commercially attractive despite the rehabilitation cost. Ghana is Africa's largest gold producer and has been steadily tightening its regulatory framework. The decision signals that lease renewals are no longer automatic and that African governments are willing to enforce performance requirements. Burkina Faso's gold output jumped from roughly 57–60 tonnes to 94 tonnes in 2025 following its own code revision, reinforcing the regional trend. 2 Africa's fuel crisis deepens as Hormuz shutdown exposes 15–25 day reserves - energy regulator warns 3 percentage points off GDP growth; Nigeria petrol at ₦1,175/litre (~$0.75); Egypt hikes 14–17%; Somalia fuel doubles; Kenya rationing African economies face a mounting energy emergency as the Strait of Hormuz shutdown enters its third week. Most African countries hold only 15–25 days of fuel reserves compared with the IEA standard of 90 days. Geoffrey Aori, CEO of the Regional Association of Energy Regulators for Eastern and Southern Africa, warned that the crisis could knock three percentage points off continental GDP growth - reducing the AfDB's projected 4.3% expansion for 2026 to roughly 1.3%. In Nigeria, Dangote Refinery raised its ex-depot petrol price to ₦1,175 per litre (~$0.75) on March 13, a 35% increase since late February. Retail pump prices in Lagos range from ₦1,170 to ₦1,250 (~$0.75–$0.80) and in Abuja from ₦1,200 to ₦1,300 (~$0.77–$0.84). Egypt implemented a major fuel adjustment on March 10, raising petrol prices 14–17% with 95-octane reaching 24 EGP per litre (~$0.48). In Somalia, petrol prices surged over 75%, jumping from approximately $0.65 to over $1.15 per litre in Mogadishu. Kenya has promised fuel supplies only through April under rationing. South Africa's petrol under-recovery reached R3.52 per litre, with diesel under-recovery at R6.00, signalling major pump price increases in April. The IEA's emergency release of 412 million barrels - the largest ever - will take weeks to reach African markets. As covered in our previous Africa Intelligence Brief, the continent's structural dependence on imported refined fuels leaves it acutely vulnerable to shocks originating thousands of kilometres away. 3 Congo-Brazzaville election results awaited - internet blackout at 3% connectivity, thin turnout, opposition boycott; Sassou Nguesso expected to extend 42-year rule; Africa's third-largest oil producer votes under global energy crisis The Republic of Congo voted on Saturday March 15 in a presidential election widely expected to extend 82-year-old Denis Sassou Nguesso's rule by another five years. Provisional results are expected within 48–72 hours. NetBlocks confirmed a nationwide internet blackout during voting, with connectivity dropping to approximately 3% of normal levels - technically consistent with the shutdown imposed during the 2021 election. More than 3.2 million Congolese were registered to vote, though turnout was expected to fall below the 68% recorded in 2021 when Nguesso won 88.4%. Two major opposition parties boycotted, and two of the country's best-known opposition leaders are imprisoned. Nguesso faced six little-known challengers. The Republic of Congo is Africa's third-largest oil producer, selling 236,000–252,000 barrels per day, alongside copper and diamonds. As a CEMAC member, the economy is projected to grow 3.6% in 2026, with non-oil growth at 4.2%. Freedom House rates the country 17 out of 100 for overall freedom. The election comes as $100+ oil boosts state revenues but the Hormuz crisis disrupts the broader energy architecture. 4 Nigeria: IMF Article IV consultation concludes today as Middle East war upends 2026 outlook - inflation eases to 15.06%; Dangote petrol swings ₦300/litre in two weeks; naira weakening as FPI flight accelerates; Tinubu deploys 100,000 CNG kits The International Monetary Fund concludes its Article IV consultation with Nigeria today (March 4–17), a review that arrives at the worst possible moment for the administration's reform narrative. February headline inflation eased marginally to 15.06% from 15.10% in January, but the data predates the full impact of the oil shock. The Dangote Refinery's petrol price has swung from ₦874 per litre (~$0.56) on March 2 to ₦1,175 (~$0.75) on March 13 - a ₦301 increase in eleven days. The naira has been weakening as foreign portfolio investors accelerate their exit, reversing gains made during the tight monetary policy period. The CBN's 2026 budget assumptions ($64.85 per barrel, ₦1,400/USD) are now obsolete with crude above $100. President Tinubu ordered the deployment of 100,000 CNG conversion kits nationwide on March 11. The CBN cut the monetary policy rate from 27% to 26.50% in its most recent decision, but analysts now question whether re-tightening may be necessary. Nigeria produces 1.75 million barrels per day but paradoxically cannot fully benefit from high prices because it still relies on Dangote for domestic fuel and cannot ramp up to its OPEC quota. 5 Ethiopia: 9 million registered in first week for June 1 general election - 47 parties, 10,934 candidates; TPLF barred; armed conflict in Oromia and Amhara raises doubts about nationwide voting; first post-Tigray war national poll Ethiopia's National Election Board reported that more than 9 million voters registered in the first week, representing approximately 13% of the estimated 70 million eligible adults. The board confirmed 47 political parties have registered 10,934 candidates - 2,198 for the House of People's Representatives and 8,736 for regional councils. There are 73 independent candidates, of whom only 4 are women. The TPLF's legal status was revoked in May 2025 for failing to hold a required general assembly. The Oromo Liberation Army insurgency continues in western Oromia, and armed conflict persists in parts of Amhara. Opposition parties including EZEMA have accused the ruling Prosperity Party of channelling government resources into the campaign. The election board released 30% of campaign budgets to 36 registered parties. Registration uses a hybrid digital-manual system with the "Mirchaye" mobile application. As covered in the Africa Intelligence Brief, the credibility of this election will shape Ethiopia's democratic trajectory and investor confidence in the country's emerging mining sector, where projects like the Tulu Kapi gold mine and Allied Gold's Kurmuk mine are approaching production milestones. Market Snapshot

INSTRUMENT	LEVEL	MOVE	NOTE
Brent Crude ($/bbl)	~$103	▲ +47% since Feb 28	Opened $105.26 Monday; tankers testing Hormuz passage over weekend; IEA 412M bbl release; Goldman: March avg above $100
Gold ($/oz)	~$5,024	▼ pullback from $5,183	Geopolitical premium intact; Africa's largest producers (Ghana, South Africa, Mali, Burkina Faso) benefit; Damang $1bn revival bid
ZAR/USD	~16.5	▼ weakening on risk aversion	Touched 16.8 (lowest since mid-Dec 2025); SARB Mar 26 meeting; hike risk; petrol under-recovery R3.52/litre; Q4 GDP +0.4%
NGN/USD	~₦1,550	▼ reversing gains	FPI flight to safety; CBN MPR 26.50%; IMF Article IV concludes today; budget assumed ₦1,400; Dangote petrol ₦1,175/litre (~$0.75)
JSE All Share	~126,324	▲ +39% YoY	Offshore investors selling SA stocks and bonds; MTN rebounds to profit; Harmony Gold building copper exposure; mining exploration down 7th year
EGP (Egypt)	~50.0/USD	- under pressure	Fuel prices hiked 14–17% on Mar 10; 95-octane at 24 EGP/litre (~$0.48); Suez revenue at risk; tourism decline from ME conflict
SA Fuel (R/litre)	R20.19 (93 ULP)	▲ April hike ~R4 expected	Under-recovery R3.52 petrol / R6.00 diesel; Astron refinery in maintenance; NATREF + Sasol Secunda operational; DMPR reassures no shortage
Nigeria Petrol (₦/litre)	₦1,175 (gantry)	▲ +35% since late Feb	Dangote ex-depot; pump ₦1,200–₦1,300 in cities; ₦874 on Mar 2 → ₦1,175 on Mar 13; budget assumed $64.85/bbl; NMDPRA froze import licenses
Kenya Fuel Reserve	~20 days	▼ rationing in effect	Govt promises supply through April only; ban on re-exports; IEA standard 90 days; most African countries 15–25 days; LPG cooking fuel at risk
Ruthenium (PGM)	Record high	▲ AI demand squeeze	SA dominant producer; AI data-centre demand driving supply squeeze; Valterra Platinum (ex-Amplats) demerger complete

Conflict & Stability Tracker ● Critical Africa Fuel Emergency - 15–25 Day Reserves Hormuz shutdown week 3; most African nations 15–25 days reserve vs IEA 90-day standard; regulator warns 3ppt off GDP; Nigeria petrol +35% in 2 weeks; Egypt hikes 14–17%; Somalia doubles; Kenya rationing; LPG cooking fuel at risk in East Africa; IEA 412M bbl release weeks away ● Critical Ghana UNIFIL Peacekeepers - UN Investigation Ordered March 6 missile strike on Ghanaian battalion HQ in Lebanon; 4 soldiers injured; Officers' Mess destroyed; UN SG Guterres ordered investigation; Ghana calls it a war crime; Irish troops assisted evacuation; UNIFIL mandate under stress from US-Iran-Israel conflict escalation ● Tense South Africa - Army Deployment & SARB Rate Risk 2,200 soldiers deployed to 5 provinces; illegal mining + gang violence; rand at 16.5+; April fuel hike ~R4/litre; SARB Mar 26 meeting may hold or hike; offshore investors selling; Q4 GDP +0.4%; mining exploration down 7th straight year; US ambassador summoned ● Watching Ethiopia - June 1 Election Preparations 9M registered in first week; 47 parties; TPLF barred; OLA insurgency in Oromia; Amhara instability; hybrid digital-manual registration; first post-Tigray war national vote; opposition accuses ruling party of resource channelling; mining investment confidence linked to electoral credibility Fast Take MINING Ghana's decision to assess local bids for Gold Fields' Damang mine is the most consequential mining sovereignty action in West Africa since Mali's 2023 code revision. The message to international miners is clear: lease renewals are not automatic, reserves must be verified, and local value creation is enforceable. With gold near $5,000 per ounce, the economics of rehabilitation are favourable - the question is whether local investors can mobilise $1 billion (~GHS 15.8 billion) in capital. Burkina Faso's output jumping from 60 to 94 tonnes after its own code revision tells you the regional trend has momentum. South Africa's mining exploration investment falling for a seventh consecutive year is the counterpoint - regulatory uncertainty there is driving capital elsewhere on the continent. ENERGY The fuel crisis across Africa is not a price story - it is a structural exposure story. Most African countries hold 15–25 days of fuel reserves. Kenya has 20 days and is already rationing. A regional energy regulator warning of 3 percentage points off GDP growth tells you this is no longer a consumer inconvenience but a macroeconomic threat. The Dangote Refinery's price swings - ₦874 to ₦1,175 per litre (~$0.56 to $0.75) in eleven days - demonstrate that even domestic refining capacity cannot insulate Nigeria from a $100+ oil world when crude is priced on global benchmarks. The IEA's 412 million barrel emergency release is the largest ever, but it will take weeks to reach African ports. For East African households that cook with LPG sourced from Gulf producers, the crisis is already at the kitchen door. POLITICS Congo-Brazzaville's election is a formality wrapped in the infrastructure of democracy. An internet blackout at 3% connectivity, two imprisoned opposition leaders, party boycotts, and an 82-year-old incumbent who has held power for 42 years - none of this is new, but the timing matters. Congo is Africa's third-largest oil producer, and in a $103 Brent world, the regime's fiscal position strengthens precisely as its democratic legitimacy weakens. Freedom House's 17/100 rating and the thin turnout tell you what Congolese citizens think of the exercise. For Latin American investors, the question is whether Congo's oil revenues will translate into the infrastructure and LNG projects the government has promised, or follow the pattern of past cycles. NIGERIA The IMF's Article IV consultation concluding today arrives at a moment that exposes every vulnerability in Nigeria's reform story. The budget was built on $64.85 oil; crude is above $100. The naira was strengthening; now FPI flight is reversing those gains. Inflation was easing to 15%; now fuel costs are ripping through the economy. Tinubu's emergency deployment of 100,000 CNG kits on March 11 is a fire-brigade response to a structural problem - Nigeria produces 1.75 million barrels a day but still cannot fuel itself at stable prices because the Dangote Refinery buys crude at global benchmarks converted at the prevailing exchange rate. The refinery's managing director is right that availability matters more than price in a crisis, but the IMF team will be writing its report in a very different tone than it would have a month ago. ETHIOPIA Nine million voters registering in the first week is an encouraging headline, but it represents only 13% of the eligible electorate, and the real test is whether Ethiopians in Oromia, Amhara, and Tigray can vote at all. The TPLF's exclusion removes the most significant political force in Tigray from the ballot. The OLA insurgency makes large parts of western Oromia effectively ungovernable. The 47 parties and 10,934 candidates create an appearance of pluralism, but opposition accusations of ruling-party resource channelling and compulsory business contributions echo the patterns of previous Ethiopian elections. For investors watching the country's mining sector - where the Tulu Kapi and Kurmuk gold projects are approaching production - the credibility of this election is a proxy for governance reliability. Developments to Watch 1 Ghana Damang mine bids - timeline and capital requirements - the mining regulator is evaluating three local bids for the $1 billion (~GHS 15.8 billion) rehabilitation; Gold Fields retains a 12-month operating lease; the outcome will set a precedent for how African governments handle mining lease renewals across the continent; gold near $5,000/oz makes the economics viable but the capital raise for local investors remains the central challenge. 2 South Africa Reserve Bank meeting - March 26 - Governor Kganyago told Reuters the bank is redrafting its "risk scenarios" ahead of the decision; petrol under-recovery at R3.52/litre signals a major April pump price hike of up to R4 per litre (~$0.24); some analysts pricing in a 25bp hike; rand weakening to 16.5+ increases import costs; inflation expectations fell further in Q1 but may reverse on the oil shock. 3 Congo-Brazzaville election results - expected within 48–72 hours - provisional results from the March 15 vote; Sassou Nguesso's margin and turnout figures will indicate whether the regime retains even nominal democratic legitimacy; the internet blackout during voting will be scrutinised by international observers; oil revenues above $100/bbl strengthen the fiscal position regardless of the political outcome. 4 Nigeria April fuel price adjustment - Dangote pricing and exchange rate pressure - the Dangote Refinery's managing director said the refinery is not immune to global oil shocks; crude above $100 means further gantry price increases are likely; the NMDPRA has frozen fuel import licenses, making Dangote the de facto sole supplier; the April price point will depend on whether Brent eases toward Goldman's $85 forecast or remains above $100. 5 Africa's strategic petroleum reserve deficit - structural vulnerability - the Hormuz crisis has exposed that most African countries operate with 15–25 days of fuel reserves; the IEA standard is 90 days; building strategic reserves requires billions in infrastructure investment that competes with debt service, health, and education; the regional energy regulator's call for investment in hydrogen, methanol, and EVs is strategically sound but years from implementation. 6 FOMC March 17–18 - implications for African currencies and bonds - the Fed meeting is the most consequential for African markets because the dot plot will signal how long US rates stay elevated; core PCE at 3.1% and Goldman pushing the first cut to September mean African central banks face extended pressure on their currencies; the rand, naira, and Kenyan shilling are all vulnerable to a hawkish Fed narrative; South Africa and Nigeria may need to delay or reverse rate cuts. Sovereign & Credit Pulse

COUNTRY	INDICATOR	SIGNAL
Ghana	Damang mine; gold sector sovereignty	3 local bids for $1bn (~GHS 15.8bn) Gold Fields asset; lease renewal rejected; Africa's largest gold producer tightening regulatory framework; Burkina output 57→94t after code revision
Nigeria	IMF Art IV; fuel; FX; inflation	IMF concludes today; CPI 15.06%; Dangote petrol ₦1,175/litre (~$0.75); naira weakening; FPI exit; budget $64.85/bbl obsolete; CBN MPR 26.50%; 100K CNG kits deployed
South Africa	SARB Mar 26; army; fuel shock	Rand ~16.5; April petrol hike ~R4/litre (~$0.24); 2,200 soldiers in 5 provinces; Q4 GDP +0.4%; mining exploration down 7th yr; offshore investors selling; inflation expectations Q1 lower but reversal risk
Ethiopia	June 1 election; mining pipeline	9M registered; 47 parties; TPLF barred; OLA insurgency; Tulu Kapi + Kurmuk gold approaching production; investor confidence linked to electoral credibility
Congo-Brazzaville	Election results pending	Sassou Nguesso expected to win 5th term; internet blackout; 3rd-largest African oil producer; CEMAC GDP 3.6% forecast; Freedom House 17/100; opposition boycott + imprisonment
Egypt	Fuel hike; Suez; tourism	Petrol 14–17% hike Mar 10; 95-octane 24 EGP/litre (~$0.48); Suez Canal revenue at risk from shipping disruption; tourism hit by ME conflict; FX pressure

Power Players Geoffrey Aori - the CEO of the Regional Association of Energy Regulators for Eastern and Southern Africa delivered the starkest warning on the fuel crisis, saying it could knock three percentage points off continental GDP growth; his call for investment in hydrogen, methanol, and electric vehicles as a structural response to oil dependency positions him as a leading policy voice for Africa's energy transition; his disclosure that Kenya has only 20 days of reserve capacity made the vulnerability concrete. Ghana Mining Regulator - by confirming three local bids for the Damang mine, Ghana's regulator is executing the most significant assertion of mining sovereignty in West Africa since Mali's code revision; the decision to reject Gold Fields' lease renewal and require local ownership candidates sets a precedent that will be studied by every mining jurisdiction on the continent; the $1 billion (~GHS 15.8 billion) rehabilitation cost tests whether African capital markets can fund large-scale mining transitions. David Bird - the managing director of the Dangote Refinery reassured Nigerians that the 650,000 barrel-per-day facility will prevent the panic-buying and rationing seen in import-dependent countries; his acknowledgment that the refinery is not immune to global oil shocks was the most candid public statement on the limits of domestic refining; the gantry price swings from ₦874 to ₦1,175 per litre (~$0.56 to $0.75) in eleven days demonstrate that even Africa's largest refinery transmits global volatility directly to the pump. Lesetja Kganyago - the South African Reserve Bank Governor told Reuters he is redrafting risk scenarios ahead of the March 26 meeting; the petrol under-recovery of R3.52 per litre and diesel at R6.00 signal that April fuel prices will push inflation above the 3% target; some analysts are pricing in a 25bp rate hike rather than a hold, which would mark a dramatic reversal of the easing cycle that had been anticipated. Denis Sassou Nguesso - the 82-year-old Congolese president voted in Brazzaville on Saturday in an election designed to extend his 42-year rule; a nationwide internet blackout during polling and a boycott by major opposition parties underscore the managed nature of the process; as leader of Africa's third-largest oil producer during a $100+ Brent environment, his fiscal position strengthens even as his democratic legitimacy erodes. Regulatory & Policy Watch 1 Ghana mining sovereignty - Damang precedent - Ghana's rejection of Gold Fields' lease renewal and assessment of local bids sets a regulatory precedent for the entire West African gold belt; the decision signals that foreign mining companies must demonstrate active reserve development and local value creation to retain operating rights; this aligns with similar code revisions in Mali (2023) and Burkina Faso (2024) that have already reshaped the region's mining investment landscape. 2 South Africa April fuel adjustment - DMPR confirms no shortage but prices rising - the Department of Mineral and Petroleum Resources reassured the public that there is no immediate risk of fuel shortages, citing two operational refineries (NATREF and Astron Energy) plus Sasol Secunda's coal-to-liquids plant; however, the department confirmed that rising international crude prices will result in higher pump prices from April; the Astron refinery is in planned maintenance with imports covering the gap. 3 Nigeria NMDPRA freezes fuel import licenses - Dangote as sole supplier - the Nigerian Midstream and Downstream Petroleum Regulatory Authority has not issued new import licenses since 2025, effectively making the Dangote Refinery the sole domestic fuel supplier; Bloomberg reported the freeze aligns with government policy to support local refining; the concentration of supply in one facility creates both security of availability and pricing vulnerability when global crude surges. 4 NERSA approves South Africa electricity tariff increase - 8.76% from April 1 - the National Energy Regulator approved an average electricity tariff increase of 8.76% for the 2026/27 financial year, effective April 1; the increase arrives alongside projected fuel price hikes, compounding inflationary pressure on households and businesses; South Africa has reached over 300 days without load shedding, but the tariff increase reflects the cost of maintaining improved generation capacity. Calendar

DATE	EVENT	SIGNIFICANCE
Mar 17	IMF Nigeria Article IV concludes	Review of fiscal, monetary, structural policies; oil shock upends 2026 outlook; inflation 15.06%; naira weakening; Dangote pricing volatility
Mar 17–18	Congo-Brazzaville election results expected	Provisional results 48–72 hrs post-vote; Sassou Nguesso expected to win; turnout and margin will indicate regime legitimacy; oil revenues at $100+ Brent
Mar 17–18	US FOMC meeting	Dot plot shapes global rate outlook; hawkish signal pressures African currencies (ZAR, NGN, KES); Goldman first cut Sept; African central banks may delay easing
Mar 26	South African Reserve Bank rate decision	Kganyago redrafting risk scenarios; hold or 25bp hike; fuel shock + rand weakness + April tariff increase; inflation expectations fell Q1 but reversal risk
Apr 1	South Africa fuel + electricity price adjustments	Petrol hike ~R4/litre (~$0.24); NERSA 8.76% electricity tariff increase; dual energy cost shock; inflation pass-through to food and transport
Jun 1	Ethiopia general election	First post-Tigray war national vote; 47 parties; TPLF barred; security in Oromia/Amhara; mining investment confidence linked to outcome; 9M registered in week 1

Bottom Line

Ghana's assessment of local bids for Gold Fields' Damang mine is the kind of regulatory action that reshapes an industry. For decades, African governments renewed mining leases automatically. Ghana said no.

The $1 billion (~GHS 15.8 billion) rehabilitation cost is substantial, but with gold near $5,000 per ounce, the economics are sound. Burkina Faso's output jumping 57% after its own code revision proves the model works. International miners should read this as the new baseline: performance requirements are enforceable, and the penalty for underperformance is reallocation.

The fuel crisis connects every African economy to the Hormuz shutdown. Most countries hold 15–25 days of reserves. A regional energy regulator warning of three percentage points off GDP growth is not alarmism - it is arithmetic.

When Kenya rations fuel with only 20 days of supply, when Somalia's prices double overnight, when Dangote's gantry price swings ₦300 per litre (~$0.19) in eleven days, the message is structural: Africa's energy security architecture was built for a world where the Strait of Hormuz was always open. That assumption died on February 28.

Congo-Brazzaville's election is a reminder that Africa's democratic spectrum is wide. An 82-year-old president seeking a fifth term with an internet blackout, imprisoned opposition leaders, and party boycotts would be a crisis in most contexts. In Congo, it is routine.

The provisional results expected this week will confirm Sassou Nguesso's continuation. What matters for markets is whether $100+ oil revenues flow into infrastructure and LNG development or into the patronage networks that have characterised the regime for four decades.

Nigeria's IMF consultation concludes today against a backdrop that has invalidated every baseline assumption in the 2026 budget. Oil above $100 should be a windfall for a producer - but Nigeria cannot ramp production to its OPEC quota, the naira is weakening, and foreign portfolio investors are leaving.

The Dangote Refinery transmits global crude volatility directly to consumers. The 100,000 CNG kits Tinubu ordered deployed on March 11 are the right long-term idea arriving as a crisis response. The IMF team will note progress on inflation and reform, but the report will inevitably flag the fragility the oil shock has exposed.

Ethiopia's 9 million voter registrations in week one are a promising start, but the election's credibility depends on whether citizens in conflict-affected regions can actually vote on June 1. This is part of The Rio Times' daily intelligence coverage of Africa for the Latin American financial community.

The TPLF's exclusion, the OLA insurgency, and opposition accusations of ruling-party resource channelling are familiar patterns. For investors watching Ethiopia's gold mining pipeline - Tulu Kapi, Kurmuk, and the broader minerals sector - the election is not about who wins but about whether the process produces enough legitimacy to sustain the regulatory confidence that mining investment requires.

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